Acta Vet. Brno 2010, 79: 497-508
https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201079030497
Thromboembolic Conditions, Aetiology Diagnosis and Treatment in Dogs and Cats
References
1. AJ, Downend AB, Brooks MB, Slensky KA, Fox JA, Simpson SA, Waddell LS, Baumgardner JE, Otto CM 2007: Anticoagulant effects of low-molecular-weight heparins in healthy cats. J Vet Intern Med 21: 378-87
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02979.x>
2. SW, Mathews KA, Abrams-Ogg AC, Lumsden JH, Johnstone IB, Hillers TK, Foster RA 1999: Diagnosis of disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs admitted to an intensive care unit. JAVMA 215: 798–804
3. C, Lanevschi-Pietersma A, Dunn M 2007: Evaluation of coagulation markers in the plasma of healthy cats and cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Vet Clin Pathol 36: 167-72
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00203.x>
4. SP, Bliss SK, Harvey HJ 2002: Use of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator in a dog with chylothorax secondary to catheter-associated thrombosis of the cranial vena cava. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38: 431-5
<https://doi.org/10.5326/0380431>
5. A, Lamb CR, White RN 2000: Aortic and iliac thrombosis in six dogs. J Small Anim Pract 3: 109-14
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03176.x>
6. JL, Borjesson DL 2007: Evaluation of plasma antithrombin activity and D-dimer concentration in populations of healthy cats, clinically ill cats, and cats with cardiomyopathy. Vet Clin Pathol 36: 79-84
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2007.tb00186.x>
7. C, Himes LC, Moreau RE 2003: Portal vein and aortic thromboses in a Siberian husky with ehrlichiosis and hypothyroidism. J Small Anim Pract 44: 408-10
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00177.x>
8. HC 1971: An investigation into the relationship of an aortic embolus to posterior paralysis in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 12 :141–158
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1971.tb06212.x>
9. WO 1990: Aortic thromboembolism as a complication of gastric dilatation/volvulus in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196: 1829–1830
10. Espiñeira MM, Vink-Nooteboom M, Van den Ingh TS, Rothuizen J 1999: Thrombosis of the portal vein in a miniature schnauzer. J Small Anim Pract 40: 540-543
11. A, Barbaste C, Gabaig AM, Trumel C, Abella-Bourges N, Guelfi JF, Bousquet Mélou A 2005: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a therapeutic dose of unfractionated heparin (200 U/kg) administered subcutaneously or intravenously to healthy dogs. Vet Clin Pathol 34: 237-242
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00047.x>
12. S, Van Winkle TJ, Sammarco CD, Drobatz KJ 1998: Myocardial infarction in dogs and cats: 37 cases (1985-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213: 1444-1448
13. YJ, Brash JL, McClung G, Berry LR, Klement P, Chan AK 2007: Protein adsorption on polyurethane catheters modified with a novel antithrombin-heparin covalent complex. J Biomed Mater Res A 80: 216-25
<https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30977>
14. T, Jonsson L 2000: Ischaemic heart disease in the dog: a review of 65 cases. J Small Anim Pract 41: 97-103
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03173.x>
15. AR, Theoharis CG, Dasika NL 2006: Jugular vein catheter placement: histologic features and development of catheter-related (fibrin) sheaths in a swine model. Radiology 240: 427-34
<https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2402031129>
16. Fox PR 1999: Feline cardiomyopathies: Arterial thromboembolism, in Fox PR, Sisson D, Moise NS (eds): Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice, ed 2. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, pp. 658-667
17. R, Penderis J, Chang YP, Zoia A, Mosley J, Anderson TJ 2008: Clinical and neurological characteristics of aortic thromboembolism in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 49: 178-184
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00530.x>
18. DF, Andrews DA, Green HW, Talbott KK, Ward MP, Calloway BM 2004: Antiplatelet effects and pharmacodynamics of clopidogrel in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225: 1406-11
<https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1406>
19. RC, Owinngs JT, Ortega T, Gosselin R, Feldman EC 2001: Biochemical basis for the hypercoagulable state seen in Cushing syndrome; discussion 1006-7. Arch Surg 136: 1003-1006
<https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.136.9.1003>
20. MH, Grooters AM, Partington BP, Camus AC, Gosgood G 1999: Extensive venous thrombosis and hind-limb edema associated with adrenocortical carcinoma in a dog. JAAHA 35: 306–310
21. KE, Norris JW, MacDonald KA, Kittleson MD, Tablin 2008: Platelet function in clinically healthy cats and cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: analysis using the Platelet Function Analyzer-100. Vet Clin Pathol 4: 385-388
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00062.x>
22. LR, Lappin MR, Baker DC 1999: Pulmonary thromboembolism in 29 dogs: 1985-1995. J Vet Intern Med 13: 338-345
23. Y, Hirayama K, Uchida E, Izumisawa Y, Yamaguchi M, Kotani T, Niiyama M, Yoshino T, Taniyama H 1998: Systemic atherosclerosis in dogs: histopathological and immunohistochemical studies of atherosclerotic lesions. J Comp Pathol 118: 195-206
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9975(05)80126-4>
24. CR, Eyster GE, Adams T, Bartlett PC, Bell TG 1986: Streptokinase treatment of cats with experimentally induced aortic thrombosis. Am J Vet Res 47: 1351-9
25. Kittleson MD 1998: Thromboembolic disease, In: Kittleson MD and Kienle RD, eds. Small Animal Cardiovascular Medicine. St. Louis: Mosby, Inc. pp. 297-318
26. MK, Dow SW, Rosychuk RA 1989: Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs: Ten cases (1982–1987). JAVMA 195: 246–250
27. F 2008: A model of massive pulmonary embolism, development and characterization. The pre-clinical steps forward and details of the progress. JRMS 13: 121-134
28. F(a) 2008: Evaluation of Two Recombinant Plasminogen Activators in Massive Pulmonary Embolism Model and Potato Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor (PCI) Role in Inhibition of Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor TAFIa in Lungs. Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic and Immune Drug Discovery 2: 45-56
<https://doi.org/10.2174/187221408783421264>
29. Konecny F (a) 2006: Management of Pulmonary Embolism: the prophylaxis and therapy of DVT as prevention of massive pulmonary embolism (MPE), optimization of ventricular preload and the amplification of RV myocardial blood flow; and approach to life-threatening MPE. Chest Medicine Online (1-14): ISSN 1360-0168
30. F (b) 2007: Pulmonary Embolism and vascular injury: What role plays thrombin? JRMS 12: 203-216
31. F (c) 2006: Massive pulmonary embolism: the predisposing and complicating factors, its current diagnostic approaches and critical importance of early diagnostic physical exam. JRMS 11: 406-414
32. AT, Wiinberg B, Jenssen LR, Andeasen E, Jenssen AL 2008: Evaluation of human recombinant tissue factor-activated thromboelastography in 49 dogs with neoplasia. J Vet Intern Med 22: 140-7
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0030.x>
33. MJ, Murtaugh RJ 1990: Pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs: 47 cases (1986–1987). JAVMA 197: 1368–1372
34. NJ, Hapster NK 1992: A retrospective study of 100 cases of feline aortic thromboembolism: 1977–1993. JAAHA 31: 492-500
35. MP, Dambach DM,Vaden SL, Giger U 2000: Familial protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten Terriers: 222 cases (1983-1997). J Vet Intern Med 1: 68-80
36. S, Tilley LP, Tappe JP, Fox PR 1986: Clinical and pathologic findings in dogs with atherosclerosis: 21 cases (1970–1983). JAVMA 189: 227–232
37. KV, Mackin AJ 2007: Thromboembolic therapies in dogs and cats: an evidence-based approach. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 37: 579-609
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.01.010>
38. JM, Rozanski EA, McCarthy RJ, Sharkey LC, Winter MD, Brown DJ, Rush JE 2004: Cholesterol-based pericardial effusion and aortic thromboembolism in a 9-year-old mixed-breed dog with hypothyroidism. J Vet Intern Med 18: 354–358
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02558.x>
39. Malpother ED 1880: Phlebitis of the lower extremities: a secondary complication of injuries to the head. Br Med J p. 483
40. H, Watari T, Miura T, Sakai M, Takahashi T, Koie H, Yamaya Y, Asano K, Edamura K, Sato T, Tanaka S, Hasegawa A, Tokuriki M 2005: Plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex concentrations in dogs with malignant tumours. Vet Rec 156: 839-840
<https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.156.26.839>
41. JS 1927: Pulmonary embolism: a report of seventy three cases. Arch Path 3: 921–937
42. NC, Vitsky A, Daly CM, Behr MJ 2002: Pulmonary thromboembolism associated with Blastomyces dermatitidis in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38: 425-430
<https://doi.org/10.5326/0380425>
43. GM, Higgins MJ, Brown WP, Rosnick D 1988: Cardiovascular complications of chronic catheterization of the jugular vein in the dog. Vet Pathol 25: 492–502
<https://doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500613>
44. Mitchell RN, Cotran RS 1999: Hemodynamic disorders, thrombosis, and shock, in Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T (eds): Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, ed 6. Philadelphia, WB Saunders pp. 113–138
45. KE, Morris N, Dhupa N, Murtaugh RJ, Rush JE 2000: Retrospective study of streptokinase administration in 46 cats with arterial thromboembolism. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 10: 245-257
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2000.tb00010.x>
46. R, Rodriguez-Barbero A, Velasco S, Lopez-Belmonte J, Simon F 2008: Vascular endothelial cell activation by adult Dirofilaria immitis antigens. Parasitol Int 57: 441-6
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2008.05.004>
47. M, Williams JF, MacKenzie CD, Kaiser L 1997: Dirofilaria immitis: heartworm infection alters pulmonary artery endothelial cell behavior. J Appl Physiol 82: 389-98
<https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.389>
48. R 1990: Concurrent illness and complications associated with canine hyperadrenocorticism. Probl Vet Med 4: 565-72
49. CR, Griffey SM, Samii VF 1999: Pulmonary thromboembolism in cats: 29 cases (1987–1997). JAVMA 215: 1650-1654
50. A 1929: Studies of the clinic and etiology of post-operative thrombosis. Acta Chir Scand 65: 1–111
51. KG, King LG, van Winkle TJ 1998: Clinical manifestations and associated disease syndromes in dogs with cranial vena cava thrombosis: 17 cases (1989–1996). JAVMA 213: 220–224
52. CA, Raynard JP, Lewis RE, Duncan JR 1993: Pulmonary thromboembolism and hypertension after thiacetarsamide vs melarsomine dihydrochloride treatment of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res 54: 920–925
53. CA, Keith JC Jr, Schaub RG 1985: Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on pulmonary arteriosclerosis induced by a one-year Dirofilaria immitis infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 5: 355-365
<https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.5.4.355>
54. CL, O’Toole TE, Keating JH, Penninck DG, Webster CR 2008: Portal vein thrombosis in cats: 6 cases (2001-2006). J Vet Intern Med 22: 282-7
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0048.x>
55. G, Espino L, Vila M, Lopez M, Aleman N, Suarez ML 2003: Aortic thromboembolism and retroperitoneal hemorrhage associated with a pheochromocytoma in a dog. J Vet Intern Med 17: 917–922
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02533.x>
56. RG, Rawlings CA, Keith JC Jr 1981: Platelet adhesion and myointimal proliferation in canine pulmonary arteries. Am J Pathol 104: 13-22
57. RG, Rawlings CA 1980: Pulmonary vascular response during phases of canine heartworm disease: Scanning electron microscopic study. Am J Vet Res 41: 1082-1089
58. T, Pembleton-Corbett JR, Kornereich B 2004: Pulmonary thromboembolism in cats. J Vet Intern Med 18: 533-535
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02580.x>
59. MJ Jr, Neumyer MM, Healy DA, Atnip RG, Thiele BL 1993: Influence of age on venous physiologic parameters. J Vasc Surg 18 :749–752
<https://doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(93)90327-I>
60. KE, Maerz I 2006: Assessment of left atrial appendage flow velocity and its relation to spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in 89 cats with myocardial disease. J Vet Intern Med 20: 120-130
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02831.x>
61. Y, Machida N, Arimura T, Kiyu K, Kondoh M 1998: Transmural myocardial infarction caused by thromboembolism associated with mitral insufficiency in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 60: 741-743
<https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.60.741>
62. SA, Tobias AH, Jacob KA, Fine DM, Grumbles PL 2003: Arterial thromboembolism in cats: acute crisis in 127 cases (1992-2001) and long-term management with low-dose aspirin in 24 cases. J Vet Intern Med 17: 73-83
63. SA, Kraft SL, Lewis DC, Melethil S, Freeman 2000: Pharmacodynamics of warfarin in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 23: 339-344
<https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2885.2000.00268.x>
64. J, Franck M 1998: Cranial vena caval thrombosis secondary to invasive mediastinal lymphosarcoma in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 39: 352-355
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03727.x>
65. J, Franck M 1999: Pulmonary embolism and cor pulmonale in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 40: 88-91
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03044.x>
66. T, Brooks M, Rush JE, Rishniw M, Erb H, Rozanski E, Kraus MS, Gelzer AR 2008: Hypercoagulability in cats with cardiomyopathy. J Vet Intern Med 22: 546-552
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.0098.x>
67. MF, Scott-Moncririef JC, Brooks MB 2004: Effect of a single plasma transfusion on thromboembolism in 13 dogs with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40: 446-454
<https://doi.org/10.5326/0400446>
68. MF, Scott-Moncririef JC, Hogan DF 2001: Thrombolytic Therapy in Dogs and Cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 11: 111-121
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.2001.tb00077.x>
69. K, Hikasa Y, Minami S, Okamoto Y, Morita T, Shimada A: Chronic myocardial infarction due to arteriosclerosis of coronary arteries followed by acute thromboembolism of caudal abdominal aorta in a cat. J Vet Med Sci 67: 631-634
<https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.67.631>
70. TJ, Bruce E 1993: Thrombosis of the portal vein in eleven dogs. Vet Pathol 30: 28-35
<https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589303000104>
71. TJ, Hackner SG, Liu SM 1993: Clinical and pathological features of aortic thromboembolism in 36 dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 3: 13–21
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-4431.1993.tb00099.x>
72. AW, Fenner WR 1998: Arterial thromboembolic disease in a dog with blastomycosis localized in the hilar lymph node. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193: 847–849
73. B, Jensen AL, Rozanski E, Johansson PI, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Tranholm M, Kristensen AT 2009: Tissue factor activated thromboelastography correlates to clinical signs of bleeding in dogs. Vet J 179: 121-129
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.022>
74. HP, Osborn SB 1952: Venous velocity in bedridden medical patients. Lancet 2: 699–700
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(52)91318-4>
