Acta Vet. Brno 2020, 89: 19-29
https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202089010019
    The effect of propylene glycol delivery method on blood metabolites in dairy cows
References
1.  M, Kupczyński R, Chladek G, Falta D 2011: Influence of propylene glycol and glycerin in Simmental cows in periparturient period on milk yield and metabolic changes. Arch Tierzucht 54: 238-248
            
        
        
    
        2.  SS, Smith JM, Ehrhardt RA, Diaz MC, Rhoads RP, Van Amburgh ME, Boisclair YR 2003: Nutritional and developmental regulation of plasma leptin in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 86: 3206-3214
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73923-X>
        
        
    
        3.  BJ, Allen MS 2008: Negative energy balance increases periprandial ghrelin and growth hormone concentrations in lactating dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrin 34: 196-203
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2007.02.002>
        
        
    
        4.  N, Carson M, Duffield TF, Capel M, Godden S, Overton M, Santos JEP, LeBlanc SJ 2011: The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 94: 4897-4903
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-4075>
        
        
    
        5.  GE, Gozho GN, Van Kessel AG, Olkowski AA, Mutsvangwa T 2008: Effects of peripartum propylene glycol supplementation on nitrogen metabolism, body composition, and gene expression for the major protein degradation pathways in skeletal muscle in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 91: 3512-3527
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0920>
        
        
    
        6.  JO, Grummer RR, Rasmussen FE, Bertics SJ 1997: Effect of method of delivery of propylene glycol on plasma metabolites of feed-restricted cattle. J Dairy Sci 80: 563-568
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)75971-X>
        
        
    
        7.  YH, Brown NE, Martinez CM, Cassidy TW, Varga GA 2009a: Effects of rumen-protected choline and dry propylene glycol on feed intake and blood parameters for Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 92: 2729-2736
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1299>
        
        
    
        8.  YH, Martinez CM, Brown NE, Cassidy TW, Varga GA 2009b: Ruminal and blood responses to propylene glycol during frequent feeding. J Dairy Sci 92: 4555-4564
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2131>
        
        
    
        9.  R, Šamanc H, Jovanović M, Nikolić Z 2007: Blood concentrations of thyroid hormones and lipids and content of lipids in the liver in dairy cows in transitional period. Acta Vet Brno 76: 525-532
            <https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200776040525>
        
        
    
        10.  WG 1964: The colorimetric micro-determination of non-esterified fatty acids in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 9: 122-125
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(64)90004-X>
        
        
    
        11.  RR, Winkler JC, Bertics SJ, Studer VA 1994: Effect of propylene glycol dosage during feed restriction on metabolites in blood of prepartum Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 77: 3618-3623
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77306-9>
        
        
    
        12.  T, Murakami K, Mogi K, Nishihara M, Nakazato M, Mondal MS, Horii Y, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Murakami N 2001: Ghrelin in domestic animals: distribution in stomach and its possible role. Domest Anim Endocrin 21: 17-24
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(01)00104-7>
        
        
    
        13. Horwitz W, Latimer G 2005: Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 18th edn. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
            
        
        
    
        14.  NB, Raun BML 2007: Ruminal and intermediary metabolism of propylene glycol in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 90: 4707-4717
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0295>
        
        
    
        15.  SJ 2010: Monitoring metabolic health of dairy cattle in the transition period. J Reprod Develop 56: S29-S35
            <https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.1056S29>
        
        
    
        16.  SC, Veerkamp RF, te Pas MFW, Delavaud C, Chilliard Y, van der Lende T 2003: Leptin concentrations in relation to energy balance, milk yield, intake, live weight and estrus in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 86: 799-807
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73662-5>
        
        
    
        17.  Q, Wang C, Yang WZ, Zhang WW, Yang XM, He DC, Dong KH, Huang YX 2009: Effects of feeding propylene glycol on dry matter intake, lactation performance, energy balance and blood metabolites in early lactation dairy cows. Animal 3: 1420-1427
            <https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173110999036X>
        
        
    
        18.  S, Pate JL, Palmquist DL 2001: Effects of propylene glycol drenching on energy balance, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, ovarian function and conception in dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 68: 29-43
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(01)00137-3>
        
        
    
        19.  R, Nowak W, Jaśkowski JM, Maćkowiak P, Pruszyńska E, Włodarek J 2008: Effects of propylene glycol supplementation on blood biochemical parameters in dairy cows. B Vet I Pulawy 52: 461-466
            
        
        
    
        20.  CD, Daniel JA, Holmberg BJ, Djiane J, Raver N, Gertler A, Keisler DH 2001: Central infusion of leptin into well-fed and undernourished ewe lambs: effects of feed intake and serum concentration of growth hormone and luteinizing hormone. J Endocrinol 168: 317-324
            <https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1680317>
        
        
    
        21.  FJ, Doherty ML 2008: Production diseases of the transition cow. Vet J 176: 3-9
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.018>
        
        
    
        22.  NI, Ingvartsen KL 2004: Propylene glycol for dairy cows: A review of the metabolism of propylene glycol and its effects on physiological parameters, feed intake, milk production and risk of ketosis. Anim Feed Sci Tech 115: 191-213
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.03.008>
        
        
    
        23.  PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR 2010a: Evaluation of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: Critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. J Dairy Sci 93: 546-554
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2277>
        
        
    
        24.  PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR 2010b: Associations of elevated non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutryate concentrations with early lactation reproductive performance and milk production in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci 93: 1596-1603
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2852>
        
        
    
        25.  P, Allen MS 2015: Evaluation of propylene glycol and glycerol infusions as treatments for ketosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 98: 5429-5439
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9476>
        
        
    
        26. Polish Norm PN EN 13906 2009: Animal feeding stuffs - Determination of acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents.
            
        
        
    
        27.  D, Kenny DA, Griffin W, Quinn KM, Duffy P, Mulligan FJ, Roche JF, Boland MP, Lonergan P 2008: The effect of feeding propylene glycol to dairy cows during the early postpartum period on follicular dynamics and on metabolic parameters related to fertility. Theriogenology 69: 688-699
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.12.001>
        
        
    
        28.  T, Chapinal N, Leblanc SJ, Kelton DF, Dubuc J, Duffield TF 2012: Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk. J Dairy Sci 95: 3057-3063
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4937>
        
        
    
        29.  H, Stojić V, Kirovski D, Jovanović M, Cernescu H, Vujanac I 2010: Thyroid hormones concentrations during the mid-dry period: an early indicator of fatty liver in Holstein Friesian dairy cows. J Thyroid Res 2010: 897602
            <https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/897602>
        
        
    
        30.  LM, Mavangira V 2014: The nexus between nutrient metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation in transition cows. Anim Prod Sci 54: 1204-1214
            <https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14503>
        
        
    
        31.  LM, Raphael W 2013: Significance of metabolic stress, lipid mobilisation and inflammation on transition cow disorders. Vet Clin N Am-Food A 29: 267-278
            <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.03.002>
        
        
    
        32.  V, Gvozdić D, Kirovski D, Nikolić JA, Huszenicza G, Šamanc H, Ivanov I 2001: Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations prior to and after delivery in primiparous Holstein cows. Acta Vet-Beograd 51: 3-8
            
        
        
    
        33. Strzetelski 2009: IZ PIB-INRA Normy żywienia przeżuwaczy [IZ PIB-INRA Nutrient requirement for ruminants]. Kraków, Poland: National research Institute of Animal Production
            
        
        
    
        34.  H, Kurose Y, Kobayashi S, Sugino T, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Hasegawa Y, Terashima Y 2006: Ghrelin enhances glucose-induced insulin secretion in scheduled meal-fed sheep. J Endocrinol 189: 67-75
            <https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06310>
        
        
    
        35.  RB, Walton JS, Kelton DF, LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE, Duffield TF 2007: The effect of subclinical ketosis in early lactation on reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 90: 2788-2796
            <https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-560>
        
        
    
        36.  AE, Knight TJ, Pritchard RH, Daniel JA, Clapper JA, Smart AJ, Trenkle A, Beitz DC 2006: Circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behavior in cattle. J Anim Sci 84: 3285-3300
            <https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-053>
        
        
    
        37.  RG 2005: Lipid metabolism during lactation: a review of adipose tissue-liver interactions and the development of fatty liver. J Dairy Res 72: 460-469
            <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029905001299>
        
        
    
        38.  VA 1999: Ketogenesis in the liver of ruminants – Adaptations to a challenge. J Agr Sci 115: 155-162
            <https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600075080>
        
        
    
 
        
