Acta Vet. Brno 2023, 92: 39-46
https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202392010039
Doping control in horses in the Czech Republic in 2010-2019
References
1. EP, Taber K, Yang PB, Dafny N 2007: Methylphenidate (Ritalin): Behavioral studies in the rat. Int J Neurosci 117: 757-794
<https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450600910176>
2. B, Jahn P, Vyskočil M, Plachý J 2005: Gastric ulceration and exercise intensity in Standardbred racehorses in Czech Republic. Acta Vet Brno 74: 67-71
<https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200574010067>
3. A, Camargo FC, Hughes C, Lehner A, Stirling K, Brennan N, Dowling M, Tobin T 2007: Caffeine and theobromine identifications in post-race urines: threshold levels and regulatory significance of such identifications. AAEP Proceedings 53: 87-92
4. TS, Moore JN, Garner HE, Amend JF, Clarke LL, Hatfield DG 1978: Diazepam/xylazine/ketamine combination for short-term anesthesia in the horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73: 495-496
5. J, Dougherty J, Nugent E, Tobin T 1979: The pharmacology of narcotic analgesics in the horse. IV. Dose and time response relationships for behavioral responses to morphine, meperidine, pentazocine, anileridine, methadone, and hydromorphone. J Equine Med Surg 3: 377-385
6. M, Lees P 2004: Equine hair analysis: current status and future prospects. Equine Vet J 36: 102-103
<https://doi.org/10.2746/0425164044868648>
7. EHSLC 2021. EHSLC Detection Times 2021. Available at: https://www.ehslc.com/images/uploads/documents/EHSLC_DETECTION_TIMES_(updated_1_February_2021).pdf. Accessed February 25, 2022
8. FEI 2021a: Fédération Equestre Internationale: Clean sport for horses - contamination prevention. Available at: https://inside.fei.org/fei/cleansport/horses/contamination-prevention. Accessed February 25, 2022
9. FEI 2021b: Equine Anti-Doping and Controlled Medication Regulations. 3rd edn, effective January 1, 2021. Available at: https://inside.fei.org/content/anti-doping-rules. Accessed February 25, 2022
10. KL, Henderson B, Smith WF 1963: Studies on the physiologic effects of methylphenidate in Thoroughbred horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 142: 875-877
11. Gilman AG, Rall TW, Nies AS, Taylor P 1990: Drugs used in the treatment of asthma: the methylxanthines, cromolynsodium and other agents. In: Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Macmillan Publishers, New York, pp. 618-630
12. EM, Czerwinski SM, Hickson RC 1988: Acute glucocorticoid effects on glycogen utilization, O2 uptake, and endurance. J Appl Physiol 64: 1098-1106
<https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.1098>
13. EW, Woods WE, Tobin T 1983: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and behavioral effects of caffeine in horses. Am J Vet Res 44: 57-63
14. KW, Morley PS, Guthrie AJ 2009: Efficacy of furosemide for prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235: 76-82
<https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.235.1.76>
15. KW, Muir WW 1991: Pharmacology of furosemide in the horse: a review. J Vet Int Med 5: 211-218
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00951.x>
16. IFHA 2020: International Federation of Horseracing Authorities: IFHA Minimum horse welfare standards version 1.4 (2020). Available at: https://www.ifhaonline.org/resources/IFHA_Minimum_Welfare_Standards.pdf. Accessed February 28, 2022
17. IFHA 2021: International Federation of Horseracing Authorities: International Agreement on Breeding, Racing and Wagering and Appendixes (January 2021). Available at: https://www.ifhaonline.org/resources/ifAgreement.pdf. Accessed February 28, 2022
18. Jockey Club of the Czech Republic 2020: Dostihový řád (in Czech, Racing Rules). Available at: http://www.dostihyjc.cz/download/dostihy/DR_2020_clear.pdf. Accessed February 28, 2022
19. JH, Vatistas N, Castro L, Fischer T, Pipers FS, Maye D 2001: Field survey of the prevalence of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses and on response to treatment of affected horses with omeprazole paste. Equine Vet Educ 13: 221-224
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00095.x>
20. M, Lumb WV, Wright M, Heath, RB 1984: Effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine and xylazine in ponies. Am J Vet Res 45: 217-223
21. CF, McKeever KH, Malinowski K, Struck MB, Abe T 2001: Chronic administration of therapeutic levels of clenbuterol acts as a repartitioning agent. J Appl Physiol 91: 2064-2070
<https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.2064>
22. CF, McKeever KH, Roegner V, Brady SM, Malinowski K 2006: Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses. Vet J 172: 460-465
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.05.002>
23. HK 2017: Nonsteroidal inti-inflamatory drug use in horses. Vet Clin Equine 33: 1-15
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2016.11.001>
24. S, Obata H, Sasaki M, Saito S, Goto F 2005: Systemic ketamine inhibits hypersensitivity after surgery via descending inhibitory pathways in rats. Can J Anaesth 52: 498-505
<https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03016530>
25. C, Cox K, Jones J 2001: Evaluation of the effects of omeprazole on physiological indices of performance of horses during incremental treadmill exercise. Vet Ther 2: 361-369
26. C, Sams R 2002: Detection of morphine in blood and urine samples from horses administered poppy seeds and morphine sulfate orally. J Anal Toxicol 26: 81-86
<https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/26.2.81>
27. B, Thomasson R, Jollin L, Lecoq A, Amiot V, Rieth N, De Ceaurriz J, Collomp K 2009: Short-term glucocorticoid intake improves exercise endurance in healthy recreationally trained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 107: 437-443
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1149-8>
28. J, Cruz J, Santos M, Mazzini RA, Tabanera A, Tendillo FJ 2003a: Effect of alkalinization on the local analgesic efficacy of ketamine in the abaxial sesamoid nerve block in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 26: 265-269
<https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00489.x>
29. J, Cruz J, Santos M, Mazzini RA, Tabanera A, Tendillo FJ 2003b: Evaluation of the local analgesic effect of ketamine in the palmar digital nerve block at the base of the proximal sesamoid (abaxial sesamoid block) in horses. Am J Vet Res 64: 475-478
<https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.475>
30. S, Mokhber-Dezfouli MR, Tajik P, Bokaie S, Watson DG 2010: A survey on two years of medication regulation in horse races in Iran. Equine Vet J 42: 161-16
<https://doi.org/10.2746/042516409X471449>
31. PA, Edwards RHT 1989: Effects of clenbuterol and propranolol on muscle mass: evidence that clenbuterol stimulates muscle beta-adrenoceptors to induce hypertrophy. Biochem J 264: 573-579
<https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2640573>
32. WR, Sloan JW, Sapira JD, Jasinski DR 1971: Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 12: 245-258
<https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt1971122part1245>
33. JM, McKeever KH, Albeirci JM, Gordon ME, Manso Filho HC 2006: Effect of omeprazole on markers of performance in gastric ulcer-free standardbred horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 36: 668-671
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05624.x>
34. WW, Skarda RT, Sheehah WC 1978: Cardiopulmonary effects of narcotic agonists and partial agonist in horses. Am J Vet Res 39: 1632-1635
35. MD 1997: Safety issues in the use of methylphenidate: an American perspective. Drug Saf 17: 143-148
<https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-199717030-00001>
36. HH, Hajer R 1978: NAB 365, a beta 2 receptor sympathomimetic agent: clinical experience in horses with lung disease. J Vet Pharmacol Thera 1: 241-243
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2885.1978.tb00333.x>
37. T, Kownacki AA, Woods WE, Valentine R, Dougherty J, Tobin T 1981: Pharmacokinetics and behavioral effects of methylphenidate in Thoroughbred horses. Am J Vet Res 42: 722-726
38. SH, Katims JJ, Annau Z, Bruns RF, Daly JW 1981: Adenosine receptors and behavioral actions of methylxanthines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 3260-3264
<https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.78.5.3260>
39. K, Diakakis N 2015: Equine doping: perceptions, adverse effects and Cyprus hippodrome case review for the years 2001-2010. J Hellenic Vet Med Soc 66: 15-21
<https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15578>
40. L, Benoit M, Sukta A, Peterson J, Gaensslen RE, Negrusz A 2011: Detection of various performance enhancing substances in specimens collected from race horses in Illinois: a five-year experience. J Anal Tox 35: 438-443
<https://doi.org/10.1093/anatox/35.7.438>
41. M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W 2016: Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 130: 220-230
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.055>
42. T, Miller JR 1979: The pharmacology of narcotic analgesics in the horse. I. The detection, pharmacokinetics and urinary clearance times of pentazocine. J Equine Med Surg 3: 191-198
43. LM, Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Harmon FA 2004: Survey of prokinetic use in horses with gastrointestinal injury. Vet Surg 33: 279-285
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04041.x>
44. M, Litvinova, L, Smirnova T, Viru A 1994: Glucocorticoids in metabolic control during exercise: glycogen metabolism. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 34: 377-382
45. Volavka J 1995: Neurobiology of Violence. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC, pp. 203-205
46. P, Lomnicka I, Lucas C, Johnson S, Dirikolu L 2022: The medication violations in racehorses at Louisiana racetracks from 2016 to 2020. Vet Med Sci 8: 553-560
<https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.724>
47. E, Wójtowicz-Zawadka M, Kwiatkowska D, Jarek A, Małkowska A, Wrzesień R, Namieśnik AJ 2018: Simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and its metabolites in complex equine urine matrices by GC-EI-MS in excretion study in view of doping control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 152: 279-288
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2018.02.004>
