Acta Vet. Brno 2025, 94: 223-230
https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202594030223
Assessment of acute stress in alpacas (Vicugna pacos): A pilot study using salivary cortisol and infrared thermography
References
1. TM, Dawod A 2020: Breed effects on growth performance, blood parameters and the levels of metabolic hormones in rabbits under heat stress in Egypt. Zagazig Vet J 48: 284-295
<https://doi.org/10.21608/zvjz.2020.28446.1107>
2. DE, Grubb T, Silveira F 1999: The effect of short duration transportation on serum cortisol response in alpacas (Llama pacos). Vet J 157: 189-191
<https://doi.org/10.1053/tvjl.1998.0270>
3. DV 2015: Thermal windows and heat exchange. Temperature 2: 451-451
<https://doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2015.1040945>
4. N, Requena M, Palme R 2013: Measuring faecal glucocorticoid metabolites as a non-invasive tool for monitoring adrenocortical activity in South American camelids. Anim Welf 22: 25-31
<https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.1.025>
5. E, Azcona F, Cañete-Aranda M, Perdomo-González DI, Ribes-Pons J, Terán EM 2019: Testing eye temperature assessed with infrared thermography to evaluate stress in meat goats raised in a semi-intensive farming system: a pilot study. Arch Anim Breed 62: 199-204
<https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-62-199-2019>
6. WW 2003: Lower brainstem pathways regulating sympathetically mediated changes in cutaneous blood flow. Cell Mol Neurobiol 23: 527-538
<https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025020029037>
7. S, Blas J, Marchant TA, Moreno S 2007: Physiological stress levels predict survival probabilities in wild rabbits. Horm Behav 51: 313-320
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.11.004>
8. E, Herman N, Martinelli E, Lecru LA, Pressanti C, Schelcher F, Cadiergues MC 2021: Treatment of sarcoptic and chorioptic mange in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos) herd with a combination of topical amitraz and subcutaneous ivermectin. New Zeal Vet J 69: 121-126
<https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2020.1808544>
9. H, Ioannou S, Davila-Ross M 2018: Infrared thermal imaging: Positive and negative emotions modify the skin temperatures of monkey and ape faces. PLOS ONE 13: e0194527
10. NJ 2012: Review: Minimally invasive sampling media and the measurement of corticosteroids as biomarkers of stress in animals. Can J Anim Sci 92: 227-259
<https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas2012-045>
11. V, Piles M, Rafel O, López-Béjar M, Ramón J, Velarde A, Dalmau A 2013: Use of infrared thermography to assess the influence of high environmental temperature on rabbits. Res Vet Sci 95: 802-810
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.04.012>
12. R, Gu Z, Guang X, Marín JC, Varas V, González BA, Dong C 2020: Genomic analysis of the domestication and post-Spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca. Genome Biol 21: 1-26
<https://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02080-6>
13. LR, Shutt DA, Bentley CJ 1985: Development of a salivary cortisol method for detecting changes in plasma “free” cortisol arising from acute stress in sheep. Aust Vet J 62: 403-406
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb14120.x>
14. Fleischmann T, Siewert C, Staszyk C, Schulze M, Stadler P, Seifert H 2009: Thermal imaging as an aid to the diagnosis of pain in horses – first results. In: Dössel O, Schlegel WC (Eds): World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7-12, 2009, Munich, Germany, IFMBE Proceedings. Berlin: Springer, pp. 277-280
15. M 2010: Relationships between integumental characteristics and thermoregulation in South American camelids. Animal 4: 1451-1459
<https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731109991443>
16. GLM 2008: Camelids in ancient Andean societies: A review of the zooarchaeological evidence. Quaternary International 185: 59-68
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.05.022>
17. KA, Graves JL, Jerem P, Evans NP, Nager R, McCafferty DJ, McKeegan DEF 2015: Skin temperature reveals the intensity of acute stress. Physiol Behav 152: 225-230
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.032>
18. L, Hostovský M, Nenadović K, Voslářová E, Večerek V 2024: Effect of different types of exercise on salivary biochemical indices in the horse. Acta Vet Brno 93: 281-287
<https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202493030281>
19. OA, Ewuola EO 2018: Thermophysiological traits in four exotic breeds of rabbit at least temperature-humidity index in humid tropics. J Basic Appl Zool 79: 18
<https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0031-9>
20. J, Garbiec A 2022: Alpacas in Poland: health, welfare, and anti-parasitic prophylaxis. Med Weter 78: 68-73
21. G, Šebánková M, Voslářová E, Večerek V 2024: The use of infrared thermography in the evaluation of acute stress in three breeds of domestic rabbits during tattooing. Acta Vet Brno 93: 439-446
<https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202493040439>
22. L, Lakomá T, Vacušková Z, Vacuška D, Večerek V, Voslářová E 2025: Behavioural and physiological response to routine husbandry procedures in Wallachian sheep. Acta Vet Brno 94: 35-42
<https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202594010035>
23. G, Sutherland M, Waas J, Schaefer A, Cox N, Stewart M 2019: Infrared thermography—a non-invasive method of measuring respiration rate in calves. Animals 9: 535
<https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080535>
24. YN, Mastromonaco GF, Korver WBG 2015: Use of salivary cortisol to evaluate the influence of rides in dromedary camels. Gen Comp Endocrinol 211: 123-130
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.007>
25. JIW, Glaser R 2008: Stress hormones and immune function. Cell Immunol 252: 16-26
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.006>
26. C 2008: Romancing the alpaca: Passionate consumption, collection, and companionship. J Bus Res 61: 502-508
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.023>
27. E, Palme R 2002: Hormones as indicators of stress. Domest Anim Endocrinol 23: 67-74
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00146-7>
28. JC, Littlejohn RP 1995: Effects of social isolation and restraint on heart rate and behaviour of alpacas. Appl Anim Behav Sci 45: 165-174
<https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(95)00588-J>
29. A, Kovács A 2020: Stress of alpacas caused by shearing in Hungary. Bulg J Agric Sci 26: 207-212
30. LA, Crossley J, Coppia S, Ferrando G 1994: Características fisiológicas de la alpaca (Lama pacos) sometida a manejo extensivo en el altiplano chileno. Arch Zootec 43: 201-206
31. JG, Strathe AB, Andersen PH 2012: Evaluation of coronary band temperatures in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 73: 719-723
<https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.73.5.719>
32. MJ, Dantzer B, Delehanty B, Palme R, Boonstra R 2011: Measuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids. Oecologia 166: 869-887
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-1943-y>
33. M, Pištěková V, Takáčová D, Večerek V, Voslářová E 2024a: Analysis of the major deficiencies detected during welfare inspections of farm animals in the Czech Republic. Acta Vet Brno 93: 45-57
<https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202493010045>
34. M, Pištěková V, Takáčová D, Večerek V, Voslářová E 2024b: Deficiencies in livestock holdings with respect to animal welfare identified as part of cross-compliance checks completed in 2016–2020 in the Czech Republic. Acta Vet Brno 93: 239-250
<https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202493020239>
35. T, Colombo ES, Heinzl E, Bellucci D, Prato Previde E, Valsecchi P 2015: Hot dogs: Thermography in the assessment of stress in dogs (Canis familiaris)-A pilot study. J Vet Behav 10: 17-23
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2014.11.003>
36. T, Valsecchi P 2021: Infrared thermography in the study of animals’ emotional responses: A critical review. Animals 11: 2510
<https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092510>
37. Tynes VV 2010: Behavior of exotic pets. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Chichester, West Sussex, 256 p.
38. M, Bartolomé E, Sánchez MJ, Molina A, Cook N, Schaefer A 2012: Changes in eye temperature and stress assessment in horses during show jumping competitions. J Equine Vet Sci 32: 827-830
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2012.03.005>
39. RJ 2006: Nutritional diseases of South American camelids. Small Rumin Res 61: 153-164
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.07.007>
40. DML, Carrive P 2005: Changes in cutaneous and body temperature during and after conditioned fear to context in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 21: 2505-2512
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04073.x>
41. S, Hajek F, Lambacher B, Wittek T 2020: Effects of the method of restraint for shearing on behaviour and heart rate variability in alpacas. Appl Anim Behav Sci 223: 104918
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104918>
42. C 2013: Diseases in camelids 1. Common presentations. In Practice 35: 317-324
<https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.f3641>
43. T, Salaberger T, Palme R, Becker S, Hajek F, Lambacher B, Waiblinger S 2017: Clinical parameters and adrenocortical activity to assess stress responses of alpacas using different methods of restraint either alone or with shearing. Vet Rec 180: 568-568
<https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.104232>
44. K, Hall C, Billett E 2013: An assessment of the aversive nature of an animal management procedure (clipping) using behavioral and physiological measures. Physiol Behav 118: 32-39
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.013>

