Acta Vet. Brno 2026, 95: 205-214
https://doi.org/10.2754/avb202695030205
Non-invasive assessment of renal haemodynamics and tubular injury in diarrhoeic calves: the role of renal resistive index and novel biomarkers
References
1. O, Koza S, Ozkan C, Kaya A, Akgül Y 2019: Evaluation of acute phase protein levels and some cytokine levels in pneumonic calves. Med Weter 75: 343-365
2. V, Zhang Z, Meier W, Cate R, Sanicola M, Bonventre JV 2002: Shedding of kidney injury molecule-1, a putative adhesion protein involved in renal regeneration. J Biol Chem 277: 39739-39748
<https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M200562200>
3. JD, Miranda M, Barreiro-Lois A 2020: Transabdominal renal Doppler ultrasound in healthy adult Holstein-Friesian cows: A pilot study. Animals 11: 63
<https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010063>
4. SK, Clark ME, Côté O, Bienzle D 2019: A specific immunoassay for the detection of feline kidney injury molecule 1. J Feline Med Surg 21: 1069-1079
<https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X18812494>
5. HW, Gleadhill A, Wagstaff AJ, Michell AR 1997: Fallibility of plasma urea and creatinine as indices of renal function in diarrhoeic calves treated with conventional or nutritional oral rehydration solutions. Vet J 154: 35-39
<https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(05)80006-1>
6. F, Giordano A, Spagnolo V 2002: The systemic reaction during inflammation: the acute-phase proteins. Proteın Peptide Lett 9: 211-223
<https://doi.org/10.2174/0929866023408779>
7. JJ, Wong LL, Lurie F, Kamitaki BK 2011: Proteinuria as a predictor of renal dysfunction in trauma patients receiving intravenous contrast. Am Surg 77: 1194-1200
<https://doi.org/10.1177/000313481107700933>
8. A, Galli C, Fortunato A, Ronco C 2012: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker of acute kidney injury: a review of the laboratory characteristics and clinical evidence. Clin Chem Lab Med 50: 1505-1517
<https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2011-0814>
9. PD, Trefz FM, Sen I, Berchtold J, Nouri M, Smith G, Grünberg W 2021: Intravenous and oral fluid therapy in neonatal calves with diarrhea or sepsis and in adult cattle. Front Vet Sci 7: 603358
<https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.603358>
10. C, Zaias J, Altman NH 2009: Acute phase response in animals: a review. Comp Med 59: 517-526
11. R, Mihalcea D, Vinereanu D 2023: Current insights into the significance of the renal resistive index in kidney and cardiovascular disease. Diagnostics 13: 1687
<https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13101687>
12. P, Granata A 2017: Renal resistive index: not only the kidney. Clin Exp Nephrol 21: 359-366
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-016-1323-3>
13. P, Granata A 2019: Renal intraparenchymal resistive index: the ultrasonographic answer to many clinical questions. J Nephrol 32: 527-538
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-018-00567-x>
14. A, Herosimczyk A, Lepczyński A, Skrzypczak WF 2012: Calves with diarrhea and a water-electrolyte balance. Med Weter 68: 5-8
15. N, Tuzcu N, Başbuğ O, Gök K, Işıdan H, Oğrak YZ 2014: The evaluation of important biomarkers in healthy cattle. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg 20: 749-755
16. C, Alenius S, Waller KP 2007: Acute phase proteins as indicators of calf herd health. Vet J 173: 645-651
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.01.011>
17. İ, Yüksel S 2019: Diyare ilişkili hemolitik üremik sendromlu çocuk hastalarımız; bölgesel sıklık artışı ve klinik sonuçları (Pediatric patients with diarrhoea associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome; increase of regional frequency and clinical outcomes). Pam Tıp Derg 12: 485-495
18. T, Hung CC, Yang SA, Stevens JL, Bonventre JV 2004: Kidney injury molecule-1: a tissue and urinary biomarker for nephrotoxicant-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286: F552-F563
<https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00285.2002>
19. M, Ok M, Naseri A, Erturk A, Parlak TM, Yildiz R, Durgut MK 2023: Acute kidney injury is associated with higher serum cys-C and NGAL Concentrations, and risk of mortality in premature calves with respiratory distress syndrome. Animals 13: 232
<https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020232>
20. F, Polzin DJ, Osborne CA, Allen TA, Kirk CA, Neaton JA, Lekcharoensuk C, Swanson LL 2002: Clinical evaluation of dietary modification for treatment of spontaneous chronic renal failure in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220: 1163-1170
<https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2002.220.1163>
21. S, Gautam V, Naseem S 2011: Acute-phase proteins: As diagnostic tool. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 3: 118-127
<https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.76489>
22. E, Li L, Renaud DL, Verbrugghe A, Macnicol J, Gamsjäger L, Gomez DE 2024: Neonatal calf diarrhea and gastrointestinal microbiota: etiologic agents and microbiota manipulation for treatment and prevention of diarrhea. Vet Sci 11: 108
<https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11030108>
23. A, Tulu D, Negera C, 2020: Review of common bacterial cause and management of neonatal calf diarrhea in cattle. Int J Microbiol Res 11: 98-104
24. JA, Sileanu FE, Murugan R, Lucko N, Shaw AD, Gilles C 2015: Classifying AKI by urine output versus serum creatinine level. J Am Soc Nephrol 26: 2231-2238
<https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2014070724>
25. HY, Kim J, Geum M, Kim HJ 2021: Cystatin C and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as early biomarkers for chronic kidney disease in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 45: 100580
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100580>
26. Langston CE 2017: Acute kidney injury. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, Cote E (Eds): Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 8th edn. Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 1919-1938
27. AS, Eckardt KU, Dorman NM, Christiansen SL, Hoorn EJ, Ingelfinger JR, Inker LA, Levin A, Mehrotra R, Palevsky PM, Perazella MA, Tong A, Allison SJ, Bockenhauer D, Briggs JP, Bromberg JS, Davenport A, Feldman HI, Fouque D, Gansevoort RT, Gill JS, Greene EL, Hemmelgarn BR, Kretzler M, Lambie M, Lane PH, Laycock J, Leventhal SE, Mittelman M, Morrissey P, Ostermann M, Rees L, Ronco P, Schaefer F, Clair Russell JS, Vinck C, Walsh SB, Weiner DE, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC 2020: Nomenclature for kidney function and disease: Report of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Consensus Conference. Kidney Int 97: 1117-1129
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.02.010>
28. B 2010: Serum and urinary biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Blood Purif 29: 357-365
<https://doi.org/10.1159/000309421>
29. J, Dohoo IR, Duizer G 1999: Model to predict septicemia in diarrheic calves. J Vet Intern Med 13: 81-88
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01134.x>
30. M, Başbuğan Y 2020: Relationship between cystatin C and some hematological and biochemical parameters in neonatal calf diarrhea. Turk J Vet Res 4: 79-87
31. K, Camyar A, Garip A, Biçak S, Gokalp C, Hur E, Sarsik B, Sözmen E, Duman S 2013: Urinary GGT: A cheaper predictor of acute kidney injury? Eur J Intern Med 24: e66-e67
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.161>
32. Y, Akabane R, Ogawa M, Nagakawa M, Miyakawa H, Takemura N 2020: Serum cystatin C concentration can be used to evaluate the glomerular filtration rate in small dogs. J Vet Med Sci 82: 1828-1834
<https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.20-0201>
33. JA, Li X, Yessayan L, Adams-Huet B, Yee J, Toto RD 2016: Dipstick albuminuria and acute kidney injury recovery in critically ill septic patients. Nephrol 21: 512-518
<https://doi.org/10.1111/nep.12637>
34. N, Qiu A, Hollmen M, Nickolas TL, Devarajan P, Barasch J 2012: NGAL-Siderocalin in kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1823: 1451-1458
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.014>
35. JW, Endre ZH 2014: Acute kidney injury urinary biomarker time courses. PLoS One 9: e101288
<https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101288>
36. AM, Pickering JW, Shaw GM, Than MP, George PM, Endre ZH 2014: The clinical utility window for acute kidney injury biomarkers in the critically ill. Crit Care 18: 1-13
<https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0601-2>
37. BJ, Walter PA, O’Brien TD, Polzin DJ 1996: Duplex Doppler estimation of Pourcelot resistive index in arcuate arteries of sedated normal cats. J Vet Intern Med 10: 28-33
<https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02020.x>
38. KM, Mori K, Li JY, Kalandadze A, Cohen DJ, Devarajan P, Barasch J 2007: Dual action of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. J Am Soc Nephrol 18: 407-413
<https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2006080882>
39. A, El-Zahar H, Mansour A, Mustafa B, Shety T, 2022: Clinical, hematological and some biochemical alterations during diarrhea in Friesian calves naturally infected with E. coli and Salmonella. Beni Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 11: 128
<https://doi.org/10.1186/s43088-022-00309-w>
40. ED, Matheny ME 2015: Choice of reference serum creatinine in defining acute kidney injury. Nephron 131: 107-112
<https://doi.org/10.1159/000439144>
41. E, Vehbi G 2025: Assessment of endocan as a prognostic biomarker in septic calves with diarrhoea caused by Escherichia coli K99+. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 290: 111022
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2025.111022>
42. B, Şahal M 2005: Urinary GGT/creatinine ratio and fractional excretion of electrolytes in diarrhoeic calves. Acta Vet Hung 53: 351-359
<https://doi.org/10.1556/avet.53.2005.3.8>
43. DJ, Habing G, Winder CB, Renaud DL 2023: A scoping review of neonatal calf diarrhea case definitions. Prev Vet Med 211: 105818
<https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105818>
44. KE, Aktaş MS, Özcan AC 2024: Determination of urea, creatinine and urea/creatinine ratios in calves with diarrhoea. Harran Univ Vet Fak Derg 13: 161-164
45. Y, Wang C, Shao X, Wang Q, Che X, Zhang M, Xie Y, Tian L, Ni Z, Mou S 2016: Urinary retinol-binding protein as a risk factor of poor prognosis in acute-on-chronic renal injury. J Nephrol 29: 827-833
<https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-016-0331-4>
